Pre-Reproducción
Es cada vez más frecuente la consulta sobre la posibilidad de prevenir enfermedades genéticas en los futuros hijos, por parte de parejas que planean un embarazo. Hay muchos mecanismos por los que padres sanos, jóvenes y sin historia familiar, pueden tener, sin embargo, un hijo afectado por una enfermedad genética.
Este estudio está orientado a la prevención de las enfermedades autosómicas recesivas más frecuentes. Las mismas no se manifiestan ni presentan síntoma alguno en las personas que poseen sólo una copia alterada del gen (habitualmente denominados portadores o en términos técnicos, heterocigotos). Por esta razón, el gen defectuoso puede pasar de generación en generación sin ser detectado. Pero, si ambos padres son portadores del mismo gen alterado, pueden tener un hijo con la enfermedad (de hecho la probabilidad, en este caso, es del 25%).
Los estudios genéticos prereproductivos permiten la detección de individuos (futuros padres) portadores de las enfermedades genéticas autosómicas recesivas más frecuentes (más de 100) y las mutaciones más frecuentes en cada una de ellas. Esta información se utiliza fundamentalmente para tomar decisiones reproductivas y la prevención de enfermedades genéticas en los descendientes. Dado que es imposible analizar todas las mutaciones recesivas, los estudios genéticos prereproductivos se deben considerar como estudios de importante reducción pero no de la completa eliminación del riesgo de enfermedades de origen genético.
Entre las que se investigan se encuentran las más frecuentes enfermedades genéticas que causan problemas graves en el Ser Humano: fibrosis quística, Tay-Scahs, Pompe, talasemias, fenilcetonuria, Gaucher, atrofia muscular espinal, fiebre mediterránea familiar, anemia falciforme, entre otras.
Enfermedad | Genes | # Mutaciones |
---|---|---|
11-beta-hydroxylase-deficient-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia | CYP11B1 | 1 |
17-alpha-hydroxylase-deficiency | CYP17A1 | 20 |
17-beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase-type-iii-deficiency | HSD17B3 | 8 |
21-hydroxylase-deficient-congenital-classical-adrenal-hyperplasia | CYP21A2 | 3 |
21-hydroxylase-deficient-congenital-nonclassical-adrenal-hyperplasia | CYP21A2 | 2 |
3-beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase-type-ii-deficiency | HSD3B2 | 8 |
3-methylcrotonyl-coa-carboxylase-deficiency | MCCC1;MCCC2 | 10 |
3-methylglutaconic-aciduria-type-3 | OPA3 | 4 |
3-phosphoglycerate-dehydrogenase-deficiency | PHGDH | 7 |
5-alpha-reductase-deficiency | SRD5A2 | 10 |
6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin-synthase-deficiency | PTS | 6 |
abetalipoproteinemia | MTTP | 2 |
acrodermatitis-enteropathica | SLC39A4 | 10 |
acyl-coa-oxidase-i-deficiency | ACOX1 | 5 |
adenosine-deaminase-deficiency | ADA | 22 |
adrenoleukodystrophy-x-linked | ABCD1 | 24 |
alkaptonuria | HGD | 14 |
alpha-1-antitrypsin-deficiency | SERPINA1 | 4 |
alpha-mannosidosis | MAN2B1 | 3 |
alpha-thalassemia | HBA1 | 11 |
alport-syndrome | COL4A3;COL4A4;COL4A5 | 11 |
amegakaryocytic-thrombocytopenia | MPL | 3 |
andermann-syndrome | SLC12A6 | 5 |
androgen-insensitivity-syndrome-complete | AR | 18 |
antley-bixler-syndrome | POR | 4 |
argininosuccinate-lyase-deficiency | ASL | 7 |
aromatase-deficiency | CYP19A1 | 8 |
arsacs | SACS | 6 |
arthrogryposis,-mental-retardation,--seizures | SLC35A3 | 2 |
arts-syndrome | PRPS1 | 2 |
aspartylglycosaminuria | AGA | 8 |
ataxia-telangiectasia | ATM | 19 |
ataxia-with-vitamin-e-deficiency | TTPA | 4 |
autosomal-recessive-polycystic-kidney-disease | PKHD1 | 17 |
bardet-biedl-syndrome-bbs10-related | BBS | 17 |
bare-lymphocyte-syndrome-type-ii | CIITA | 1 |
bartter-syndrome-type-4a | BSND | 6 |
beta-hexosaminidase-pseudodeficiency | HEXA | 2 |
beta-ketothiolase-deficiency | ACAT1 | 14 |
beta-thalassemia | HBB | 83 |
biotinidase-deficiency | BTD | 10 |
bloom-syndrome | BLM | 24 |
canavan-disease | ASPA | 7 |
carnitine-palmitoyltransferase-deficiency | CPT1A;CPT2 | 28 |
carpenter-syndrome | RAB23 | 2 |
cartilage-hair-hypoplasia | RMRP | 3 |
cerebrotendinous-xanthomatosis | CYP27A1 | 13 |
charcot-marie-tooth-disease-with-deafness-x-linked | GJB1;PRPS1 | 24 |
choreoacanthocytosis | VPS13A | 1 |
choroideremia | CHM | 1 |
chronic-granulomatous-disease-x-linked | CYBB | 13 |
citrullinemia-type-i | ASS1 | 11 |
classical-galactosemia | GALT | 17 |
cohen-syndrome | VPS13B | 8 |
combined-pituitary-hormone-deficiency-prop1-related | PROP1 | 11 |
congenital-disorder-of-glycosylation-type | PMM2;MPI;ALG6 | 10 |
congenital-lipoid-adrenal-hyperplasia | STAR | 10 |
congenital-neutropenia-recessive | HAX1 | 5 |
copper-transport-disorders (MENKES DISEASE) | ATP7A | 6 |
corneal-dystrophy-and-perceptive-deafness | SLC4A11 | 8 |
corticosterone-methyloxidase-deficiency | CYP11B2 | 3 |
creatine-transporter-defect | SLC6A8 | 7 |
crigler-najjar-syndrome | UGT1A1 | 11 |
cystic-fibrosis | CFTR | 131 |
cystinosis | CTNS | 13 |
cystinuria-non-type-i | SLC7A9 | 14 |
cystinuria-type-i | SLC3A1 | 10 |
d-bifunctional-protein-deficiency | HSD17B4 | 6 |
diabetes-recessive-permanent-neonatal | ABCC8 | 2 |
du-pan-syndrome | GDF5 | 5 |
dyskeratosis-congenita-rtel1-related | RTEL1 | 5 |
dystrophic-epidermolysis-bullosa-recessive | COL7A1 | 9 |
ehlers-danlos-syndrome-type-viic | ADAMTS2 | 2 |
ellis-van-creveld-syndrome | EVC2 | 9 |
emery-dreifuss-myopathy-x-linked | EMD | 3 |
enhanced-s-cone | NR2E3 | 1 |
ethylmalonic-aciduria | ETHE1 | 5 |
fabry's-disease | GLA | 23 |
factor-ix-deficiency | F9 | 7 |
factor-viii-deficiency | F8 | 34 |
familial-chloride-diarrhea | SLC26A3 | 6 |
familial-dysautonomia | IKBKAP | 4 |
familial-hyperinsulinism | ABCC8;KCNJ11 | 15 |
familial-mediterranean-fever | MEFV | 12 |
fanconi-anemia | FANCA;FANCC;FANCG;BRIP1 | 15 |
fragile-x-syndrome | FMRI | 1 |
fumarase-deficiency | FH | 1 |
galactokinase-deficiency | GALK1 | 7 |
gaucher-disease | GBA | 6 |
gitelman-syndrome | SLC12A3 | 7 |
globoid-cell-leukodystrophy | GALC | 10 |
glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase-deficiency | G6PD | 7 |
glutaric-acidemia-type-i | GCDH | 8 |
glycine-encephalopathy | AMT;GLDC | 11 |
glycogen-storage-disease | G6PC;SLC37A4;GAA;AGL;GBE1;PYGM;PFKM | 55 |
gm1-gangliosidoses | GLB1 | 16 |
gracile-syndrome | BCS1L | 11 |
guanidinoacetate-methyltransferase-deficiency | GAMT | 5 |
hemochromatosis | HFE2;TFR2 | 5 |
hemoglobinopathy | HBB | 4 |
hereditary-fructose-intolerance | ALDOB | 10 |
herlitz-junctional-epidermolysis-bullosa | LAMB3;LAMC2 | 7 |
hermansky-pudlak-syndrome | HPS | 6 |
hmg-coa-lyase-deficiency | HMGCL | 6 |
holocarboxylase-synthetase-deficiency | HLCS | 6 |
homocystinuria-caused-by-cbs-deficiency | CBS | 7 |
hunter-syndrome | IDS;IDUA | 15 |
hypohidrotic-ectodermal-dysplasia-x-linked | EDA | 5 |
hypophosphatasia | ALP | 5 |
inclusion-body-myopathy-type-2 | GNE | 3 |
isovaleric-acidemia | IVD | 1 |
joubert-syndrome | TMEM216 | 1 |
juvenile-retinoschisis-x-linked | RS1 | 14 |
lamellar-ichthyosis-type-1 | TGM1 | 1 |
laryngoonychocutaneous-syndrome | LAMA3 | 1 |
leber-amaurosis | CEP290;GUCY2D;LCA5;RDH12 | 12 |
leigh-syndrome-french-canadian | LRPPRC | |
leydig-cell-hypoplasia-(luteinizing-hormone-resistance) | LHCGR | 13 |
limb-girdle-muscular-dystrophy | CAPN3;SGCG;SGCA;SGCB;SGCD;FKRP | 22 |
lipoprotein-lipase-deficiency | LPL | 1 |
long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-coa-dehydrogenase-deficiency | HADHA | 2 |
lysinuric-protein-intolerance | SLC7A7 | 4 |
maple-syrup-urine-disease | BCKDHA;BCKDHB;DLD | 17 |
meckel-syndrome-type-1 | MKS1 | 5 |
medium-chain-acyl-coa-dehydrogenase-deficiency | ACADM | 8 |
megalencephalic-leukoencephalopathy | MLC1 | 5 |
metachromatic-leukodystrophy | ARSA | 16 |
methylmalonic-acidemia | MMAA;MMAB;MUT | 47 |
methylmalonic-aciduria-and-homocystinuria-type-cblc | MMACHC | 5 |
mthfr-deficiency-severe | MTHFR | 6 |
mucolipidosis | GNPTAB;MCOLN1 | 7 |
multiple-pterygium-syndrome | CHRNG | 6 |
multiple-sulfatase-deficiency | SUMF1 | 1 |
muscle-eye-brain-disease | POMGNT1 | 3 |
myotubular-myopathy-x-linked | MTM1 | 9 |
navajo-neurohepatopathy | MPV17 | 1 |
nemaline-myopathy-neb-related | NEB | 1 |
nephrotic-syndrome-type-1 | NPHS1 | 5 |
nephrotic-syndrome-type-2 | NPHS2 | 25 |
neuronal-ceroid-lipofuscinosis | CLN3;CLN5;CLN6;CLN8;MFSD8;PPT1;TPP1 | 42 |
niemann-pick-disease | SMPD1;NPC1;NPC2 | 33 |
nonsyndromic-hearing-loss-and-deafness | GJB2;MYO15A | 24 |
nonsyndromic-hearing-loss--deafness | ||
oculocutaneous-albinism | TYR;SLC45A2 | 11 |
omenn-syndrome | DCLRE1C | 1 |
ornithine-transcarbamylase-deficiency | OTC | 11 |
ornithine-translocase-deficiency | SLC25A15 | 4 |
pendred-syndrome | SLC26A4 | 7 |
persistent-mullerian-duct-syndrome | AMH;AMHR2 | 19 |
phenylalanine-hydroxylase-deficiency | PAH | 17 |
polg-related-disorders-autosomal-recessive | POLG | 17 |
polyglandular-autoimmune-syndrome-type-i | AIRE | 5 |
primary-carnitine-deficiency | SLC22A5 | 12 |
primary-hyperoxaluria | AGXT;GRHPR;HOGA1 | 16 |
progressive-cerebello-cerebral-atrophy-type-2 | VPS53 | 2 |
progressive-familial-intrahepatic-cholestasis-type-2 | ABCB11 | 5 |
propionic-acidemia | PCCA;PCCB | 17 |
pseudocholinesterase-deficiency | BCHE | 1 |
pycnodysostosis | CTSK | 2 |
pyruvate-dehydrogenase-deficiency-autosomal-recessive | PDHB | 2 |
pyruvate-dehydrogenase-deficiency-x-linked | PDHA1 | 4 |
retinal-dystrophies-rlbp1-related | RLBP1 | 1 |
retinitis-pigmentosa-autosomal-recessive-dhdds-related | DHDDS | 1 |
rhizomelic-chondrodysplasia-punctata-type-i | PEX7 | 7 |
salla-disease | SLC17A5 | 5 |
sandhoff-disease | HEXB | 3 |
sanfilippo-syndrome | SGSH;NAGLU;HGSNAT;GNS | 39 |
scid-x-linked | IL2RG | 11 |
short-chain-acyl-coa-dehydrogenase-deficiency | ACADS | 5 |
sickle-cell-anemia | HBB | 1 |
sjogren-larsson-syndrome | ALDH3A2 | 2 |
smith-lemli-opitz-syndrome | DHCR7 | 21 |
spinal-muscular-atrophy-smn1-linked | SMN1 | 18 |
stargardt-disease | ABCA4 | 18 |
stuve-wiedemann-syndrome | LIFR | 8 |
sulfate-transporter-related-osteochondrodysplasia | SLC26A2 | 6 |
tay-sachs-disease | HEXA | 30 |
tyrosine-hydroxylase-deficiency | TH | 1 |
tyrosinemia-type-i | FAH | 10 |
usher-syndrome | MYO7A;USH1C;CDH23;PCDH15;USH2A;CLRN1 | 64 |
very-long-chain-acyl-coa-dehydrogenase-deficiency | ACADVL | 9 |
walker-warburg-syndrome | FKTN | 1 |
werner-syndrome | WRN | 6 |
wilson-disease | ATP7B | 14 |
zellweger-spectrum-disorders | PEX | 11 |